Honey bee Keeping
Honey bee
Honey bees (or honeybees) are a subset of bees in the
genus Apis, primarily distinguished by the production and storage of honey and
the construction of perennial, colonial nests out of wax.
Apis cerana
Apis cerana, or the Asiatic honey bee (or the Eastern
honey bee), is a species of honey bee found in southern and southeastern Asia,
such as China, India, Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Nepal, Bangladesh and Papua New
Guinea.
Apis mellifera
he western honey bee or European honey bee (Apis
mellifera) is a species of honey bee. The genus Apis is Latin for
"bee", and mellifera comes from Latin melli- "honey" and
ferre "to bear". hence the scientific name means "honey-bearing
bee".
Bee Keeping
Beekeeping (or apiculture, from
Latin apis, bee) is the maintenance of honey bee colonies, commonly in hives,
by humans. A beekeeper (or apiarist) keeps bees in order to collect honey and
other products of the hive (including beeswax, propolis, pollen, and royal
jelly), to pollinate crops, or to produce bees for sale to other beekeepers. A
location where bees are kept is called an apiary or "bee yard".
Depictions of humans collecting honey from wild bees date to 15,000 years ago,
efforts to domesticate them are shown in Egyptian art around 4,500 years ago.
Simple hives and smoke were used and honey was stored in jars, some of which
were found in the tombs of pharaohs such as Tutankhamun. It wasn't until the
18th century that European understanding of the colonies and biology of bees
allowed the construction of the moveable comb hive so that honey could be
harvested without destroying the entire colony.
(Coming Soon in details)
Life cylce of Apis mellifera
In the temperate zone, honey bees
survive winter as a colony, and the queen begins egg laying in mid to late
winter, to prepare for spring. This is most likely triggered by longer day
length. She is the only fertile female, and deposits all the eggs from which
the other bees are produced. Except for a brief mating period when she may make
several flights to mate with drones, or if she leaves in later life with a
swarm to establish a new colony, the queen rarely leaves the hive after the
larvae have become full-grown bees. The queen deposits each egg in a cell
prepared by the worker bees. The egg hatches into a small larva which is fed by
'nurse' bees (worker bees which maintain the interior of the colony). After
about a week, the larva is sealed up in its cell by the nurse bees and begins
the pupal stage. After another week, it will emerge an adult bee. For the first
10 days of their lives, the female worker bees clean the hive and feed the
larvae. After this, they begin building comb cells. On days 16 through 20, a
worker receives nectar and pollen from older workers and stores it. After the
20th day, a worker leaves the hive and spends the remainder of its life as a
forager. The population of a healthy hive in mid-summer can average between
40,000 and 80,000 bees. The larvae and pupae in a frame of honeycomb are
referred to as frames of brood and are often sold (with adhering bees) by
beekeepers to other beekeepers to start new beehives.
Both workers and queens are fed "royal jelly" during the first three
days of the larval stage. Then workers are switched to a diet of pollen and
nectar or diluted honey, while those intended for queens will continue to
receive royal jelly. This causes the larva to develop to the pupa stage more
quickly, while being also larger and fully developed sexually. Queen breeders
consider good nutrition during the larval stage to be of critical importance to
the quality of the queens raised, with good genetics and sufficient number of
matings also being factors. During the larval and pupal stages, various
parasites can attack the pupa/larva and destroy or damage it.
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